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The area includes 13 island nations, from the Bahamas in the north to Trinidad and Tobago in the south; Belize, which is geographically situated in Central America; and the two nations of Guyana and Suriname, situated on the north main coast of South America. Many nations in the area share a common African ethnic and British colonial heritage, while Cuba and the Dominican Republic were Spanish colonies, Haiti was French, and Suriname was Dutch. The dates of self-reliance of these countries vary from Haiti in 1804 to St. Kitts and Nevis in 1983. The largest countries in terms of land area are Guyana and Suriname, while those with the biggest populations are Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti.

Politically, all Caribbean countries, with the exception of communist Cuba, have elected democratic federal governments. Most of the former British nests have parliamentary types of government, with the exception of Guyana, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Suriname, which are republics headed by presidents. In terms of local integration, 14 of the area's independent nations come from the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), with the exception of the Dominican Republic (which has observer status) and Cuba. CARICOM was formed in 1973 to stimulate local financial integration. Some critics argue that it has been slow to promote integration, compared to other regional economic groupings, however development has been made in moving towards a single economic market and in developing a Caribbean Court of Justice.

The six OECS countries likewise share a common currency, the Eastern Caribbean dollar, with financial policy handled by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank. The Caribbean Advancement Bank (CDB), headquartered in Barbados, promotes economic advancement and local combination. With the exception of Cuba and Haiti, routine elections have actually been the standard, and for the a lot of part have been complimentary and reasonable. In 2005, Dominica and Suriname held elections in May, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines held elections in December. Haiti was expected to hold elections in 2005, but considerable problems and political instability led to those elections being postponed numerous times, till they were ultimately hung on February 7, 2006.

Effective elections ultimately were held on August 28, 2006, without the political violence that some observers had actually anticipated. Looking ahead, parliamentary elections are due in St. Lucia by December 2006, while elections in the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago are due in 2007. (See for a listing of leaders and elections for head of federal government.) Although many Caribbean nations have actually maintained long democratic traditions, they are not immune from terrorist and other threats to their political stability. In 1993, stability on St. Kitts was threatened following violent demonstrations after disputed elections; order was brought back with the support of security forces from surrounding states.

Previously in the 1980s, the federal government of Eugenia Charles in Dominica was threatened by a bizarre coup plot including foreign mercenaries. And of course, Grenada, under the socialist-oriented federal government of Maurice Bishop, experienced a break from the democratic standard after it presumed power in an almost bloodless coup in 1979 and installed an individuals's innovative government. After the violent topple and murder of Bishop in 1983, the United States stepped in to restore order and end the Cuban existence on the island. Many Caribbean countries experienced a financial downturn in 2001-2002 due to recessions in the tourism and farming sectors, although the majority of Caribbean economies have rebounded considering that 2003.

economic recession and sluggish recovery. The banana and sugar sectors in the Eastern Caribbean were damaged by a tropical storm in 2002 and a drought in 2003. Both sectors deal with uncertain futures in light of the European Union's plan to phase out favored market access from former Caribbean colonies for bananas by 2006 and for sugar by 2009. The Haitian economy experienced decline beginning in 2001, with political instability exacerbating already hard economic conditions in the hemisphere's poorest nation. The greatest carrying out economies over the last few years have been those of the Dominican Republic, sustained by the apparel sector, and Trinidad and Tobago, with substantial energy resources.

In 2004 and 2005, the area's strongest financial entertainers balancing development rates over 5% for those two years, were Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Those countries not faring well in 2004 since of devastating typhoons and hurricanes consisted of Haiti, with a 3. 5%% decline in gdp (GDP), and Grenada, with a GDP decline of 3%. For 2005, however, Grenada's economy rebounded with growth over 5%, while Haiti's growth was 1. 8%. In Guyana, financial growth has actually been stagnant or minimal over the past a number of years. In 2005, the economy declined 3% since of high oil costs and floods, which early in the year severely impacted agriculture and mining activities.

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However, some observers have actually likewise been worried about the area's high level of public financial obligation, with several Caribbean nations having debt levels that go beyond 100% of their GDP. U.S. interests in the Caribbean are diverse, and consist of financial, political, and security concerns. During the Cold War, security concerns tended to eclipse other policy interests. In the consequences of the Cold War, other U.S. policy interests emerged from the shadow of the East-West dispute in the Caribbean that focused on issues about the Soviet and Cuban hazard. U.S. policy priorities shifted from one highlighting security issues to a new concentrate on strengthened economic relations through trade and investment.

interest in the Caribbean. The Administration explains the Caribbean as America's "3rd border," with occasions in the region having a direct influence on the homeland security of the United States. It explains Caribbean nations as "vital partners on security, trade, health, the environment, education, local democracy, and other hemispheric problems." The United States has close relations with most Caribbean countries, with the exception of Cuba under Fidel Castro. The U.S.-Caribbean relationship is characterized by comprehensive financial linkages, cooperation on counter-narcotics efforts and security, and a large U.S. foreign help program supporting a range of projects to enhance democracy, promote financial development and advancement, reduce poverty, and fight the AIDS epidemic in the area. Customs and Border Protection of the Department of Homeland Security. The CSI program helps guarantee that high-risk containers are identified and inspected at foreign ports before they are put on vessels for shipment to the United States. In September 2006, three Caribbean ports became functional CSI ports: Caucedo, Dominican Republic; Kingston, Jamaica; and Freeport, Bahamas. Other Latin American ports in the CSI program are the Main American port of Puerto Cortes, Honduras, and the South American ports of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Santos, Brazil. In the 108th Congress, a legislative initiative required additional foreign help in order to improve foreign port security worldwide, however no final action was completed before completion of the session.

2279 (Hollings), in September 2004, which would have attended to the Administrator of the Maritime Administration, in coordination with the Secretary of State, to recognize foreign assistance programs that might facilitate application of port security antiterrorism steps in foreign nations. The act also would have called for a report on the security of ports in the Caribbean Basin, including an evaluation of the efficiency of the procedures used to improved security at such ports and an assessment of the resources and program changes required to make the most of security at Caribbean Basin ports. In the 109th Congress, 2 expenses would attend to foreign assistance programs for Caribbean Basin ports.

744 (Nelson, Costs), introduced April 11, 2005, would establish a Caribbean Basin Port Help Program. Under the legal effort, the Administrator of MARAD in the Department of Transportation, in coordination with the Secretary of State, would determine foreign support programs that could help with implementation of port security antiterrorism procedures at Caribbean Basin ports. The Administrator and the Secretary would develop a program for such help in consultation with the Company of American States. In addition, the Secretary of Homeland Security would be needed to submit a report to Congress on status of port security in Caribbean Basin nations. S. 1052 (Stevens), the Transport Security Enhancement Act of 2005, includes a provision (Section 504) that would develop a program to facilitate execution of port security antiterrorism steps in foreign countries, with particular focus on ports in the Caribbean Basin; this expense was introduced May 17, 2005, and reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on February 27, 2006 (S.Rept.

2791 (Stevens), introduced May 11, 2006. Increasing criminal activity is a significant security difficulty throughout the Caribbean. The murder rate in Jamaica continues to soar, with 1,445 people killed in 2004 and more than 1,600 people in 2005. With rate of 60 murders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2005, Jamaica had the greatest murder rate on the planet. In late February 2006, Jamaicans were stunned over the ruthless killings of six household members, consisting of four young kids in the western part of the nation. High levels of violent crime, including murder and kidnaping, likewise have actually plagued Trinidad and Tobago and Haiti. Even smaller Caribbean nations like St.

On April 22, 2006, Guyana's Agriculture minister, together with his 2 brother or sisters and a security personnel, were shot and eliminated in an apparent break-in. Gangs associated with drug trafficking, extortion, and violence are accountable for much of the crime. Some observers think that wrongdoers deported from the United States have actually contributed to the region's surge in violent crime in current years, although some maintain that there is no established link. Jamaica has actually promoted the advancement of a global protocol relating to the deportation of lawbreakers. A significant concern for Caribbean nationsthe majority of which are net energy importershas been the Browse this site rising rate of oil and the potential effect of such rising prices on economic development and social stability.

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Of https://www.greatplacetowork.com/certified-company/7022866 these, only Trinidad and Tobago is a major oil and gas producer, accounting for 60% of tested oil reserves and 91% of natural gas reserves in the region. The wesley financial reviews nation is also the largest supplier of liquified natural gas (LNG) to the United States, representing 75% of all U.S. LNG imports. Apart from Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba also produces oil, but still imports a majority of its intake needs. Barbados also produces a small amount of oil, which is improved in Trinidad and Tobago, however it imports 90% of its oil consumption needs. Venezuela is now using oil to Caribbean nations on preferential terms in a brand-new program known as Petro, Caribe, and there has been some U.S.

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Considering that 1980, Caribbean nations have taken advantage of preferential oil imports from Venezuela (and Mexico) under the San Jose Pact, and considering that 2001, Venezuela has supplied extra assistance for Caribbean oil imports under the Caracas Energy Accord. Petro, Caribe, nevertheless, would go even more with the goal of putting in place a regional supply, refining, and transportation and storage network, and establishing an advancement fund for those nations participating in the program. How old of an rv can you finance. Under the program, Venezuela revealed that it would supply 190,000 barrels each day of oil to the area, with countries paying market value for 50% of the oil within 90 days, and the balance paid over 25 years at a yearly rate of 2%.

To date, 14 Caribbean nations are signatories of Petro, Caribe. Barbados, which already receives discounted petroleum rates from Trinidad, has actually declined to sign the arrangement, and Trinidad, which has its own substantial energy resources, has actually decreased to sign. (For extra information, see CRS Report RL33693, Latin America: Energy Supply, Political Developments, and U.S. Policy Approaches, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]) The AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean, where infection rates are among the highest beyond sub-Saharan Africa, has actually currently started to have unfavorable repercussions for financial and social development in the region. In 2005, an approximated 300,000 adults and kids in the Caribbean were reported to be coping with HIV, with the epidemic claiming 24,000 lives during the year, making it the leading cause of death amongst grownups aged 15-44 years.